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  2.4 Literary Criticism and Theory - Blog Sage Bharata – Natya Shastra   v The Significance of Natya Shastra in Indian Aesthetics. ​ The Natya Shastra, an ancient Sanskrit text on the performing arts, has had a profound influence on the conceptualization of beauty and aesthetics in the Indian tradition. Central to the Natya Shastra's approach to aesthetics is the concept of rasa, which refers to the emotional and spiritual essence or flavour that a work of art or performance is meant to evoke in the viewer or audience. The text delineates eight primary rasas, or aesthetic moods, that range from the sublime to the sensual, each with its own unique characteristics and artistic expression.  This rasa-centered approach places great emphasis on the subjective experience of the viewer, highlighting the ability of art and performance to elicit profound emotional and spiritual responses. Natyashastra is  a compendium of performed arts, drama, music and dance i.e. ar...

 2.3 Advanced studies in the English language. - Blog Introduction:   The term “third world” was coined by a French demographer, anthropologist, and historian Alfred Sauvy in 1952. He used the term to denote those nations during the Cold War who were neither aligned with either the Communist Soviet bloc or the Capitalist NATO bloc. The history of third-world countries is marked by anticolonialism, the war of liberation from foreign rule, and mass movements. It comprises almost all the African, Asian, and Latin American nations of the world. The Third World can be understood “as a time-space of subject formation, necessarily determined by imperialism, colonialism, developmentalism and experimentation with bourgeois democracy and other forms of nation-statehood. Not just geography with its millennia of cultural history – not, for instance, “India”, from the Vedic past to the neo-Vedic present – but India after its occupation and transformation by imperialist rulers.” One mig...

2.2 English Literature- 1 (The Renaissance period and the Neoclassical period) World Wars and their effect on Modern Poetry. The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art. Neoclassical poetry is poetry that presents a specific style that is characteristic of the Neoclassical period. For example, neoclassical poetry commonly features rationalism, realism, didacticism, objectivity, and scholarly allusions.   The World wars changed the way Poetry looked at time. Impact of World Wars on Modern Poetry: Many of the strongest protests made against the war were made through the medium of poetry by young men horrified by what they saw. They not only wrote about the physical pain of wounds and deaths, but also the mental pain tha...

 The Dutchess of Malfi. By John Webstar. The Duchess of Malfi is a Jacobean revenge tragedy written by English dramatist John Webster in 1612–1613.  Plot Summary ​ The Duchess of Malfi is a five-act tragedy by John Webster, first performed in 1613/14. The plot revolves around the Duchess, who secretly marries her steward, Antonio, against the wishes of her brothers, Ferdinand and the Cardinal. The brothers betray the Duchess to a spy named Bosola, leading to a tragic sequence of events. This includes the Duchess and her family fleeing, her murder on Ferdinand's orders, and a final act of carnage. The key turning points include the secret marriage between the Duchess and Antonio, and the tragic betrayal and subsequent murders . Historical Context The historical context of 'The Duchess of Malfi' is set in the Jacobean era in England, characterized by the downfall of humanistic ideals, breakdown of free will, moral courage, and positive vision of life due to strict patriar...